Education
Academic Training Programme 2011-2012
Summer 2012
Summer Lecture Series poster (pdf)
Course information
Beam and Accelerator Physics by means of Symmetries and Invariance
Lecturer – Olivier Napoly, CEA-SACLAY
Syllabus
- Electromagnetic field of a free moving bunch, from Lorentz invariance; application to
- the calculation of the bunch space charge
- Beam emittances, from Hamiltonian mechanics and Symplectic invariance
- Magnetism and magnet multipoles from rotational and mid-plane symmetries
- Resonant cavities mode expansion, from U(1) Gauge invariance
- Wake fields and the general form of wake potentials for axially symmetric structures
Level
Introductory to intermediate
Pre-requisites
Basic knowledge in electrodynamics, general understanding of accelerator physics
Electron Cooling
Synchrotron Radiation Damping
Plasma Accelerators
Lecturer – Guoxing Xia, University of Manchester/Cockcroft Institute
Syllabus
Electron Cooling
Electron cooling has been widely used in intermediate and high energy proton machines and some heavy ion storage rings to improve beam quality and machines’ performance. In this course, we will give an introduction about the electron cooling including its working principle, components, some diagnostics and applications. Some beam dynamics issues including space charge, intra-beam scattering and beam losses due to electron cooling are involved. The future development of this cooling method is also discussed.
Synchrotron Radiation Damping
Synchrotron radiation is an effective way to reduce the electron (positron) beam emittances in the lepton rings. In this course, the basic principle of synchrotron radiation, its dynamics in storage rings, damping times, quantum effects etc will be presented.
Plasma Accelerators
The concept of plasma-based accelerators was proposed more than 30 years ago. Their achievements have been remarkable. This course will cover the basic principles of plasma-based wakefield accelerators including the laser wakefield accelerators (LWFA), electron (positron) beam driven plasma wakefield accelerators (PWFA) and the latest proton-driven plasma wakefield accelerator (PDPWA). The latest research issues, e.g. externally injection in LWFA, high transformer ratio in PWFA and the colliders’ design based on plasma accelerators will be discussed as well.
Level
Introductory to intermediate
Pre-requisites
Basic knowledge in electrodynamics, general understanding of accelerator physics
Spring 2012
Spring Lecture Series poster (pdf)
Spring Term 2012
Course information
Fundamentals of RF
Lecturer – Graeme Burt
Syllabus
RF Waveguides and Cavities
Modes
Dispersion
Equivalent circuits
Basic qualities of a cavity
Level
Introductory
Pre-requisites
Electromagnetism
Conventional Magnets for Accelerators
Lecturer – Neil Marks
Syllabus
The course will deal specifically with room temperature (warm) electro magnets – superconductivity and permanent magnets will not be covered; the course will be split into three basic sections.
- The basic (main) section:
This section will establish the fundamentals of magnet theory for non-time varying (ie d.c.) magnetic fields. The basics will be established in the following order:
Introduction:
- Dipole magnets;
- Quadrupole magnets;
- Sextupole magnets;
- ‘Higher order’ magnets.
b) Magneto-statics in free space (no ferromagnetic materials or currents):
- Maxwell's 2 magneto-static equations;
- Solutions in two dimensions with scalar potential (no currents);
- Cylindrical harmonic in two dimensions (trigonometric formulation);
- Field lines and potential for dipole, quadrupole, sextupole;
- Significance of vector potential in 2D.
c) Introduce ferromagnetic poles:
- Ideal pole shapes for dipole, quad and sextupole;
- Field harmonics-symmetry constraints and significance;
- 'Forbidden' harmonics resulting from assembly asymmetries.
d) Cylindrical harmonics in the complex formulation.
e) The introduction of currents and the magnetic circuit:
- Ampere-turns in dipole, quad and sextupole.
- Coil economic optimisation-capital/running costs.
- The magnetic circuit-steel requirements-permeability and coercivity.
- Backleg and coil geometry- 'C', 'H' and 'window frame' designs.
f) Magnet design and f.e.a. software.
- FEA techniques - Modern codes- OPERA 2D; TOSCA.
- Judgement of magnet suitability in design.
- Field computations using conformal transformations in the Z plane.
- Example – the Rogowsky roll-off.
- Magnet ends-computation and design.
- A.C. magnets.
As in any synchrotron that ‘accelerates’ particles, the magnetic field must vary with time, the consequences of that variation and the necessary designs for dynamic magnets are introduced as additions or perturbations to the basic theory:
a) Variations in design and construction for a.c. magnets;
Effects of eddy current in vac vessels and coils;
Properties and choice of steel;
b) Methods of injecting and extracting beam;
Single turn injection/extraction;
Multi-turn injection/extraction;
Magnet requirements;
c) ‘Fast’ magnets;
Kicker magnets-lumped and distributed power supplies;
Septum magnets-active and passive septa;
Some modern examples.
- Assembly and measurement of magnets
The final section will deal with the practice aspects of producing magnets for particle accelerators; this will include a largely pictorial presentation of production engineering followed by a short overview of techniques for measuring magnets:
a. Physical effects available for measurement:
force on a current carrying conductor;
electromagnetic induction;
Hall effect (special case of (a));
nuclear magnetic resonance.
b) Practical applications:
point-by-point measurements;
rotating coil methods;
traversing coils.
Level
Introductory
Pre-requisites
Introduction to Spin Polarisation in Accelerators and Storage Rings
Lecturer – Desmond Barber
Syllabus
0) A survey of past, current and future facilities for polarisation.
1) The concept of spin in accelerators and storage rings and the
Thomas-BMT equation of spin precession.
2) The stability of spin motion on the closed orbit. Spin rotators.
4) The Sokolov-Ternov effect and the basics of electron(positron) self
polarization. Time scales.
5) Depolarisation of electrons(positrons) due to synchrotron radiation.
Spin-orbit resonance and the classification of resonances.
6) The preservation of polarization during acceleration of protons.
The modern definition and calculation of resonance strength.
Full and partial Siberian Snakes.
7) Polarised sources and the measurement of beam polarization.
6) Examples of the use of spin-polarised beams will be included at the
appropriate places.
7) If there is time, I'll go more deeply into each topic and touch
on advanced topics such as that of the invariant spin field.
These item numbers do not necessarily correspond to the lecture
numbers.
Level
Intermediate
Prerequisites
A secure understanding of the linear optics of particle beams in rings
including familiarity with the concept of symplecticity and fully coupled
motion in 6-D phase space (so that synchrotron motion is properly
included).
An understanding of the way synchrotron radiation leads to the
establishment of the emittances of stored electron beams.
A secure understanding of the concept of spin and spin precession in
nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. An understanding of the basic ideas
surrounding nuclear magnetic resonance would be helpful.
Suggestions:
It is therefore strongly(!) recommended that participants prepare for the
course by reviewing at least the following topics:
a) Thomas precession and Lorentz transformations of electric and magnetic
fields. See for example, J.D. Jackson ``Classical Electrodynamics''.
b) The concept of Hamiltonians in classical and quantum mechanics.
For classical Hamiltonians, see, for example:
Alex Chao's lectures (Summer Term 2011)
Rob Appleby's lectures (Autumn Term 2011)
Andy Wolski's lectures (Summer Term 2009)
For 6-D linear dynamics see Andy Wolski's lectures
of Autumn 2010
c) Electron beam dynamics with emphasis on emittance as, for example,
in M. Sands SLAC-121 (1970) and/or books like those of K. Wille or
H. Wiedemann on accelerator physics.
For synchrotron radiation, see Jim Clarke's lectures of Spring 2010.
d) The concept of magnetic moments and their precession in magnetic
fields.
The analogous concept of precession of a gyroscope's (top's) axis
in a gravitational field.
e) The solution of linear inhomogeneous differential equations by using
integrating factors and/or by the method of variation of parameters
as, for example, in G. Arfken and H. Weber, ` Mathematical Methods for
Physicists''.
Physics and Operation of FFAG Accelerators
Lecturer – Shinji Machida
Syllabus
1. Concept of Fixed Field Alternating Gradient (FFAG) Accelerator.
2. Possible applications.
3. EMMA commissioning and experiment.
4. Research subjects in FFAG study.
Level
Introductory
Pre-requisites
Helpful if you know linear optics in alternating gradient focus.
Photonics and Metamaterials and Accelerator Applications
Introduction to Photonic Crystals
Photonic crystals and accelerator applications
Metamaterials
Computational photonics
Lecturer – Rosa Letizia
Syllabus
Photonic crystals and photonic bandgap, Bloch modes, defects in photonic crystals, metamaterials, effective medium theory, parameters retrieval technique, accelerator applications, introduction to numerical techniques, finite difference time domain.
Level
Intermediate
Pre-requisites
Electromagnetism, UG solid state physics
Superconducting RF materials for Accelerators
Lecturer – Graeme Burt
Syllabus
Calculation of electronic and thermal resistance, thermal conductivity, thermal breakdown, dc and rf critical fields, Type I and II superconductors, alternatives to Niobium
Level
Advanced
Pre-requisites
UG solid state physics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism
Autumn 2011
Autumn Lecture Series poster (pdf)
Course information
Introduction of Accelerators
Lecturer – Mike Poole
Syllabus
Lecture 1: Early history; basic beam dynamics; synchrotron radiation; DL programmes – NINA and SRS.
Lecture 2: Technology challenges at energy frontier; LEP + LHC; next generation colliders.
Lecture 3: ISIS and new spallation sources; neutrino factory R&D; FFAG and EMMA; generic proton accelerator developments.
Lecture 4: Modern light sources; undulator technology; Diamond; ERLs – ALICE; FEL concepts and examples; recent proposed light sources.
Level
All of the subject matter is introductory, with little mathematics but concentration on concepts illustrated by examples
Pre-requisites
A physics degree (probably) and an interest in the subject (hopefully).
Elements of Electromagnetism
Lecturer – Kai Hock
Syllabus
Vector calculus
Maxwell’s equations
Motion of charged particles
Relativistic transformations
Electromagnetic waves
Waveguide
Level
Introductory if topics have been learnt before, advanced if not
Pre-requisites
Ideally, you should have taken an undergraduate course in electromagnetism before coming to these lectures. If not, you are still welcome, but you may find that the topics are covered rather quickly.
Relativity for Accelerators
Lecturer – Kai Hock
Syllabus
Lorentz transformation Length contraction Time dilation 4-vector, invariants Kinematics, dynamics Doppler shift
Level
Introductory if topics have been learnt before, advanced if not
Pre-requisites
Ideally, you should have taken an undergraduate course in special relativity before coming to these lectures. If not, you are still welcome, but you may find that the topics are covered rather quickly.
An Introduction to Beam Dynamics
Lecturer – Rob Appleby
Syllabus
The basics of particle motion in an accelerator will be covered at an introductory level, focussing on understanding of key results.
Level
Introductory
Pre-requisites
Electro magnetism, Special relativity, classical mechanics
Fundamentals of RF
Lecturer – Graeme Burt
Syllabus
RF Waveguides and Cavities
Modes
Dispersion
Equivalent circuits
Basic qualities of a cavity
Level
Introductory
Pre-requisites
Electromagnetism
